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Published: Thursday, December 09, 2004
Bylined to: Alfredo Toro Hardy

Alfredo Toro Hardy -- Mass media: the great paradox

Alfredo Toro Hardy writes: According to Benjamin Barber in his work (Jihad Vs. McWorld, New York, Ballantine Books, 1996), capitalism historically had to capture the political institutions and the elites, both in order to control politics as the dominant philosophy and, in this way, construct an ideology suitable for promoting its interests.

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Alfredo Toro Hardy

In his words: “Today, on the other hand, it manufactures ideology itself as one of its highest yielding products.”  This is the result of the almighty power gained by the few mass media, with a capacity to broadcast a similar message and to generate what Ramonet called “the single thought.”

Nevertheless, this all pervading power has started to be confronted from the base of society. Information technology has transformed itself into the necessary tool for this, of which the first and most significant manifestation is constituted by the “blog” phenomenon.

  • The same thing applies to on-line dailies, run and managed, thanks to simple publication tools, and usually operated by one person.  In the modern day United States, the users of these services can be counted in millions.

The most successful exponents are Marcos Moulitsas whose site “dailykos.com is accessed by 500,000 internet surfers every day and Joshua Micah Marshal, whose “talkingpointsmemo.com” has 700,000 readers. In both cases both publishing houses consist of just one person. According to Alert Montagut (El Periodico, 26th October de 2004): “While a good opinion spot in the New York Times or the Washington Post might be read the next day by several thousand readers, the “blogs” have tens of thousands of visits every hour!

Intimately entwined with these media we discover organized citizens’ groups generated by the Internet, which are capable of defeating the multimedia giants’ club. The use of the Internet as an instrument to fortify the will of the people and face up to the established factors of power is not new. In the concrete case of the media we find the example of Dan Rather. After 40 years at CBS and a spectacular career as a presenter and commentator of one of the most important news programs the “Evening News”, he has become an icon of North American television.

However, the inaccurate information provided regarding the past of President Bush in the Texas National Guard sparked a massive avalanche of protests by Internet which effectively ended his career. Christopher Grimes commented in the Financial Times of 27th/28th November 2004: “The big media organizations are facing unprecedented pressure from organized groups, who express their protests by e-mail and web logs... The main TV networks are admitting “mea culpa” almost every week”.

There is no doubt that big changes have occurred in recent years in relation to the mass media. Even if they have managed to attain levels of influence and penetration without historical parallels, they have been attacked as never before by the power of information technology and organized citizens’ groups.

This paradoxical situation constitutes the essence of social communication nowadays.

Summary: Never before in history have the mass media attained such levels of influence and penetration that they enjoy today. Nevertheless, they have never been so vulnerable to people power either.

Alfredo Toro Hardy
alfredotorohardy@hotmail.com

 En Espanol:


Alfredo Toro Hardy

Alfredo Toro Hardy: Los medios de comunicación: la gran paradoja

Alfredo Toro Hardy escriba: De acuerdo a Benjamin Barber en su obra (Jihad vs. McWorld, New York, Ballantine Books, 1996) en el pasado el capitalismo tenía que capturar a las instituciones políticas y a las élites para controlar tanto las políticas como la filosofía dominante y, por esta vía, construir una ideología apta para promover sus intereses.

Según sus palabras: “Hoy, en cambio, elabora como uno de sus productos más rentables a la ideología misma”.  Ello es el resultado del poder gigantesco obtenido por unos pocos medios de comunicación social, con capacidad para difundir un mensaje similar y de generar, en consecuencia, lo que Ramonet denominaba un “pensamiento único”.

Sin embargo, este poder omnipresente comienza a ser enfrentado desde la base de la sociedad. La tecnología de la información se ha transformado en la herramienta necesaria para ello. La primera y más significativa manifestación de ello, se encuentra constituida por el fenómeno del “blog”, o “bitácora” como se lo conoce en español.

  • El mismo se corresponde a los diarios “online” construidos gracias a sencillas herramientas de publicación y con frecuencia operados por una sola persona. En los Estados Unidos de hoy los usuarios de estos servicios se cuentan por millones.

Sus más reconocidos exponentes son Marcos Moulitsas, cuyo medio “dailykos.com” es accesado diariamente por quinientos mil internautas o Joshua Micah Marshal cuyo “talkingpointsmemo.com” cuenta con setecientos mil lectores. En ambos casos se trata de empresas editoriales de una sola persona.

Según señala Alert Montagut (El Periódico, 26 de octubre de 2004): “Mientras una buena columna de opinión en el New York Times o el Post de Washington podía ser leída al día siguiente por varios miles de lectores, los “blogs” tenían decenas de miles de accesos, ¡cada hora!”

En íntima conexión con este último medio, encontramos la participación ciudadana organizada generada por vía de la Internet, la cual está demostrando capacidad para doblegar al club de los gigantes de la multimedia. El uso de la Internet como instrumento paga aglutinar voluntades y enfrentar a los factores de poder establecido no es nuevo.

Se trata de un fenómeno que ya había encontrado un gigantesco eco en otros campos.En el caso concreto de los medios encontramos el ejemplo de Dan Rather. Luego de cuarenta años en CBS y una larga trayectoria estelar como locutor y comentarista de su más importante espacio noticioso, “Evening News”, constituye un ícono de la televisión norteamericana. Sin embargo, la inexactitud de la información proporcionada con respecto al pasado del Presidente Bush en la Guardia Nacional de Texas, le valió una masiva avalancha de protestas por vía Internet que puso fin a su carrera.

Según señalaba Christopher Grimes (Financial Times, 27/28 de noviembre, 2004): “Las grandes organizaciones mediáticas están enfrentando una presión sin precedentes por parte de grupos organizados, que expresan su malestar a través de e-mails y web blogs...Las principales cadenas televisivas están emitiendo mea culpas casi todas las semanas”.

En definitiva, grandes cambios han ocurrido en estos últimos años con relación a los medios de comunicación social. Si bien por un lado han alcanzado niveles de influencia y penetración sin paralelos en la historia, por el otro, se ven asediadas como nunca antes por el poder de la tecnología de la información y de los ciudadanos organizados.

Esta paradójica situación constituye la esencia de la comunicación social en nuestros días.

Sumario: Nunca antes en la historia los medios de comunicación social habían alcanzado los niveles de influencia y penetración de los que disfrutan hoy en día. Sin embargo, nunca tampoco habían resultado tan vulnerables ante el poder de los ciudadanos.

Alfredo Toro Hardy
alfredotorohardy@hotmail.com


Photography: Santiago Padilla

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